Thursday, 28 March 2019: 3:00 PM
Despite the size and diversity of the refugee population in the United States, outcomes for this group have received relatively little attention. This paper makes use of a novel survey-based dataset to study the determinants of financial inclusion for roughly 600 refugees from over 30 different countries that currently reside in Utica, New York. The lack of high quality data on refugees in the United States and around the world has been well documented. In addition, this forced migration, where individuals have little choice over their entire migration process, differentiates the refugee experience from that of other immigrants and therefore determinants of financial inclusion may differ from immigrants who moved voluntarily. Our paper contributes to the literature by focusing on refugees who have been resettled to a single city over a long time span of more than 30 years. By holding things like the availability of refugee services, the strength of the job market, and local culture constant, we can identify refugee-specific factors that affect their access and use of financial services. Our main empirical specifications are estimated using probit models and focus on different metrics of use of formal savings and borrowing services. We find that the probability of owning a bank account is higher for refugees that are male, employed, older, and have lived in the country for a longer time. We also observe that the likelihood of saving formally increases for male and employed refugees and decreases with the degree to which one’s close friends are of the same ethnic group. The probability of borrowing formally increases for refugees that are employed, more educated, richer, older, have children, have spent more years in the country and attend religious services frequently. We also find that employed, richer, and younger individuals are more likely to use mobile and online banking. Finally, country or continent of origin and religious orientation are strong predictors in many specifications. Our results are for the most part in line with the broader literature on financial inclusion. Some interesting features emerge such as the role of time in the host country, the portion of friends in the same ethnic group and religiosity.