Politicians and economists have been facing new challenges because of changes which have been appearing in the world economy. Main problems which need to be solved are connected with demography, poverty, social inequality, climate changes and environment protection together with globalization of markets, products and capital which influence social life and culture. Changes in the demographic situation caused by declining fertility rates and the rise in life expectancy lead to a significant increase of the old-age-dependency ratios in the majority of OECD countries. That causes problems in labor market and requires reforms of the retirement systems to make them more financially viable. Social poverty and gender equality are another important questions which have been on the governments’ agenda for at least a decade. Climate change is the catch-all term for the shift in worldwide weather phenomena associated with an increase in global average temperatures. It is connected with the industrialization and human activity which causes the pollution of environment. Globalization of markets, products and investment is ongoing process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a globe-spanning network of communication and trade. Globalization is visible in the international and interregional exchange of products and services. Worldwide connections are possible thanks to the development of technology and digitalization of many areas of life. The main advantages of this process are not limited trade and transactions, capital and investment migrations, migration of people and dissemination of knowledge. Among the disadvantages one may list polarization of societies and dissemination of crisis.